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74 pages 2 hours read

Kamila Shamsie

Burnt Shadows

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2009

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Part 3, Chapters 21-23Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 3: “Part-Angel Warriors”

Part 3, Chapter 21 Summary

Harry attends a party at the home of a wealthy businessman in Islamabad, still feeling sorry about the scene at dinner with the Ashrafs, despite Hiroko’s reassurances. Harry chats with another CIA operative, Steve, about the growing list of international arms dealers to the mujahideen. Harry notes that Israel, Pakistan, and India working together to arm Afghanistan against the Soviets, all on behalf of the political goals of the USA, is a sad perversion of his uncle Konrad’s cosmopolitan dream.

In Karachi, Hiroko also thinks about Konrad, due to a letter from Yoshi Watanabe. Yoshi is retiring as principal of the international school he helped establish in Azalea Manor after Konrad’s death. Hiroko imagines taking Raza to visit Nagasaki and considers her son’s discomfort about being half-Japanese. Hiroko wonders how her life may have been different if her first child, a girl, had lived.

Raza comes home and evades Hiroko’s questions about where he has been. Hiroko reminds Raza of the book of American universities that Harry sent Raza via his contact Sher Mohammed, but Raza is evasive, saying only that he will make Hiroko proud. Hiroko asks Raza where he goes each day, but Raza tells his mother not to worry and warns her not to ruin his good mood with too many questions.

Part 3, Chapter 22 Summary

Raza considers his two identities: Raza Ashraf, his identity at home, and Raza Hazara, his Afghan alias in Sohrab Goth, where he teaches English to refugees and learns to assemble an AK-47. Raza is both excited and exhausted by his secret life and knows that the charade is not sustainable, especially after Raza learns that he has successfully passed his exams on the third attempt.

Raza goes to lunch with Abdullah, who explains that it is time for him to join his brothers at a mujahideen training camp near Peshawar. Abdullah, nervous, asks Raza whether he should go to the camp or stay in Karachi and continue working as a weapons smuggler. Raza devises a plan: He will go with Abdullah to the camp, then run away to his uncle’s house in Peshawar and let Abdullah assume that “Raza Hazara” vanished due to his supposed CIA connections. Considering it all a great adventure, Raza encourages Abdullah to go to the training camp.

A week later, Raza heads out with Abdullah and Abdullah’s brother Afridi. On the three-day drive, Raza appreciates the beauty of the Pakistan-Afghanistan border and realizes that he will miss Abdullah’s friendship. Afridi drops off Abdullah and Raza on the side of the road, and Raza realizes that the training camp is further from Peshawar than he thought. Raza decides quickly to stay in the camp for a few days, then fake a call about a death in his family as a means of escape. Abdullah and Raza see a refugee camp in the distance, and Abdullah tells Raza that all of the young men from the refugee camp become mujahideen because the terrible living conditions, which are still better than the dangerous conditions in Afghanistan, inspire them to fight for their homeland. Raza realizes his selfishness in encouraging Abdullah to join the mujahideen just so he could get out of his lie about being Afghan. Raza tries to convince Abdullah to call Afridi from the mujahideen camp and return to Karachi, but Abdullah tells Raza that there are no phones where they are going. 

Part 3, Chapter 23 Summary

Three days before, Hiroko wakes to find Raza gone and a note on his pillow, written in Japanese. Raza’s note explains that he has gone away with his friend Abdullah but that he will be back soon to resume preparations for university. Hiroko goes to Bilal’s house to ask him who Abdullah is. Bilal is not at home, but Bilal’s mother, Qaisra, reassures Hiroko that Raza is a good son. Qaisra tells Hiroko that she doesn’t know who Abdullah is and that Raza and Bilal are not as close as they used to be. Hiroko leaves, followed by Salma, who tells Hiroko that she talked to Raza one last time before he left for Peshawar and that Raza told her that he was going to the mujahideen training camp. Hiroko rushes to find Sajjad, who is shocked but promises to find Raza, assuming someone at the fish harbor will know who Abdullah is.

Salma finds Hiroko again and tells her about her telephone flirtations with Raza and how she told Raza he would never marry because of Hiroko’s history at Nagasaki. Rather than being angry at Salma or at Qaisra, whom Hiroko assumes taught Salma such a prejudice, Hiroko is devastated that her own personal trauma has resulted in heartbreak for her son and is frustrated by her inability to escape the past. Hiroko worries that not telling Raza about the horrors of Nagasaki, focusing instead on the aftermath in Tokyo, Delhi, Istanbul, and Karachi, has inspired him to take dangerous risks in the name of adventure. Hiroko falls asleep in Raza’s bed and dreams of Raza taunting a young Afghan boy, who is simultaneously Hiroko’s former student who became a kamikaze pilot. The dream boy unfurls black wings, and desiccated cherry blossoms spill from his mouth to cover Afghanistan. 

Part 3, Chapters 21-23 Analysis

In Chapters 21-23, Shamsie prepares her reader for the tragic conclusion of Part 3, shifting to a more ominous tone to convey Raza’s fear and Harry and Hiroko’s varying degrees of cynicism. Through Harry’s musings at the party in Islamabad, Shamsie tracks the development of Konrad Weiss’s cosmopolitan ideals as the world transitions into a global, technological age. Harry observes of the covert arms deals, “Here was internationalism, powered by capitalism” (207), but Shamsie is careful to follow this scene immediately with Hiroko’s reflections on the past, reminding her reader that Konrad’s dream, and by extension the real goals of cosmopolitanism, look a lot more like Yoshi’s international school than the international weapons trade.

Shamsie avoids suggesting that the mujahideen are consciously participating in the global web of international capitalism or have any incentive to actively help the American Cold War effort. Abdullah’s motivation is presented as being purely personal; he longs to restore his homeland to safety and beauty. In Abdullah, Shamsie purposefully blurs the line between a love of home and nationalism, which were previously clearly separated in the character of Sajjad. Abdullah is more aware of how political forces—especially political forces from other nations—can profoundly influence individual lives. Though Abdullah’s nascent nationalism is based in his own traumatic separation from home, Shamsie explores how it can nonetheless lead to violent extremism, as some of the mujahideen will eventually form the oppressive Taliban regime after the Soviets leave Afghanistan. By highlighting the CIA’s funding and arming of forces that would become the Taliban, Shamsie builds on earlier portrayals of American military tactics to critique US militarism throughout history. Shamsie presents the US military and CIA as shortsighted and essentially nationalist; the bombing of Nagasaki and the financial support of fundamentalist Islamic soldiers against the USSR prioritize short-term US goals and the consolidation of power over the devastating effects that play out over generations for the local populations.

While setting up her critique of nationalist, capitalist foreign policies, Shamsie also continues her exploration of the effects of trauma on identity and belonging but shifts her focus to generational trauma. Hiroko confronts how her attempts to shield Raza from the truth of her experiences have failed to protect him from being as defined by the bombing of Nagasaki as she is. The ending of Chapter 23 features one of the most memorable images in the novel, explicitly connecting the catastrophic effects of the nuclear bomb in Japan to Western intervention in the Middle East; as the desiccated cherry blossoms cover Afghanistan, so will the history of Japan—its civilian population forced to bear the brunt of military operations—ultimately be grafted onto the Middle East.  

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