61 pages • 2 hours read
Boris PasternakA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Two years pass after Yuri's abduction. He is still with the Forest Brotherhood, under Liberius's command. Even though he is a prisoner, he is no longer under guard. Each of the three times he has tried to escape, no one has punished him. Liberius favors the doctor, whom he hosts in his own quarters. The two men are very different. Liberius is a blustering, arrogant man who does not understand that Yuri does not agree with him on political matters. Yuri dedicates himself to medical work, refusing to fight but treating “the growing influx of wounded” (254). On one occasion, however, he is forced into combat to defend himself and kills a man while shooting aimlessly at a dead tree. Most of the time, he tries to avoid Liberius and the commander's constant requests for medical supplies, which include cocaine, frequently used in the early 20th century as an anesthetic.
One of the biggest problems, according to Yuri, is “the treatment of mental illnesses out of hospital, in field conditions” (260). Many men complain of suffering from hallucinations. Yuri talks to a recruit named Pamphil Palykh, who has experienced these hallucinations. While walking through the camp, he overhears several the men talking to soldiers from the White Army. He hears Terenty, Gushka, Sanka, and Koska talking about plans to hand over Liberius to the Whites. For a moment, Yuri forgets that he hates Liberius. Feeling fatigued, Yuri lies down to sleep on a bed of “silkily rustling leaves” (263). While lying down, he decides to warn the commander about the conspirators, but he cannot find anyone important. Though Yuri fails to intervene, the exchange is stopped because one of the men in the conversation “played a double role” (265) as an undercover informer, telling Liberius about the plan. Yuri finally returns to Pamphil, who has become very worried that something will happen to his wife and children. Like many families, Pamphil's family have arranged to come and live in the area. A veteran of World War I, Pamphil knows that the Forest Brotherhood are not doing well. Yuri asks Pamphil about his health, and Pamphil reveals a traumatic incident in his past, in which he accidently killed a political commissar “for no reason” (267). The memory haunts him, though Yuri quickly realizes that the commissar in question was Commissar Gint.
The men involved in the conspiracy to betray Liberius are caught and executed by “some twenty men from among the partisans most loyal to the revolution” (270). Men from both the Red and White Armies are convicted of treason and of selling illegally made alcohol. When one of the condemned men pulls a hidden gun, a fight briefly breaks out. He is quickly shut down, and the condemned men beg for mercy as they are shot. With winter on the horizon, Yuri is worried that his medical supplies are running low. The Red Army sends him very few supplies even though there are many sick and injured soldiers. These men are forced to walk a long way for treatment. Though illegally made alcohol is forbidden, it is now used to dissolve iodine solutions. Many men also drink it, which causes a resurgence of intoxication in the camp. The situation in the Red Army camp is chaotic and on the brink of collapse. When the men's families do arrive, the chaotic nature of the camp means that they cannot stay long. Pamphil feels better after the arrival of his family, but when they depart, he begins to experience his traumatic hallucinations all over again.
Liberius's men are surrounded on nearly every side by the White Army. The one point of exit, the men believe, is almost certainly an ambush. Added to this, a group of “refugee women” are wandering through the forest and building bridges and paths (274). They are laying down infrastructure which the White Army can use, greatly angering Liberius. One day, a man who has lost an arm and a leg crawls into the Red Army camp. The “bloody human stump” (281) carries his severed limbs on his back, along with a message describing how he was brutalized as revenge for the similarly brutal actions of the Red Army. Unless Liberius's men surrender, the message explains, they can expect a similar fate. The man is dying. He tries to describe what happened to him when he was tortured by Vitsyn's White Army, which includes Colonel Strese. However, he dies too quickly to explain everything. His public death causes Pamphil to panic. He runs away, like “an animal maddened by rabies,” searching for his family to save them from similar suffering (282). When he finds them, he kills them to save them from being tortured. Overwhelmed by the violence they’ve witnessed, the other soldiers do not know what to do. Pamphil is not charged with any crime, and the following day he simply disappears into the surrounding forest. With winter in full force, Liberius explains to Yuri that the White Army is retreating. Yuri changes the subject, asking for news about the men's families. Liberius offers only bland platitudes. The thought of Tonya plowing in the snow makes Yuri feel ill, especially when he pictures her trying to care for their children alone. He reaches a breaking point, and when night falls, he tries to sneak away from the camp on a pair of stolen skis. Through his time in the camp, he has learned the password to get past the guard, and he slips out of the camp with thoughts of Lara in his mind.
Yuri spends weeks walking, hitching rides, and doing whatever he can to get back to Yuriatin, where the White Army has “recently left the town, surrendering it to the Reds” (286). When he gets there, he finds that Lara is not at home. He knows that she leaves a key in a certain hiding place, where he also finds “a rather long note on a big piece of paper,” explaining that she and Katenka have gone to Varykino (288). She assumed that Varykino would be the first place that Yuri would go. Yuri believes that Lara would only go to Varykino if she believed that his family had already left. Though Yuri feels “an unbearable pain and sadness for his family,” he is so distracted by Lara's joyful proclamations that he forgets to turn over to the other side of the note, which explains that Tonya and the family (which now includes a second child, a daughter) have gone to Moscow (289). Instead, Yuri must learn this from Glafira Tuntseva, who offers him a shave and a haircut when everywhere else seems closed.
Only when Yuri gets back to Lara's dilapidated apartment does he realize that he is “falling ill” (298). For days, he sinks into nightmarish “delirium” (299). When his fever finally breaks, he finds Lara at his side. She is taking care of him now, but she insists that he should go to his family as soon as he can. If Pasha were to return, she explains, she would go to him. Yuri and Lara talk about their relationship and their respective marriages. Yuri suspects that Lara is involved in a relationship with Samdevyatov, as he recognizes the man's handiwork in many of the creature comforts which can be found in her apartment. Lara denies this, claiming that Samdevyatov is too manly for her particular tastes. By means of an explanation, she tells Yuri about the “self-confident aging parasite” (301), Komarovsky. Yuri recognizes the man from Lara's story, explaining how Komarovsky was “To blame for his [father's] suicide” (303).
For a short time, Yuri works at the Institute of Gynecology and Obstetrics. Though the people in the department claim to appreciate new ideas and independent thought, Yuri can tell that they are not impressed by his thoughts on biological adaptations. He is concerned that he may be arrested, which also makes Lara worry about her own safety. Pasha's father Antipov and Tiverzin are both on the Bolsheviks’ tribunal council, and they are “quite capable of destroying [her],” given any opportunity (308). She is convinced that they hate both her and Pasha. Yuri talks to Lara about leaving for Varykino or Moscow, but they decide to stay. Lara does not want to leave the area where Pasha's fate is currently “being decided” (309). Glafira brings a message from Tonya to Yuri. Dated five months ago, the letter explains that she and the children are being “deported from Russia” (313). They will most likely be sent to Paris, where she hopes that Yuri may be able to join them in the future, though she knows that this is unlikely. She acknowledges that he does not love her as much as she loves him. Tonya does not blame Yuri for anything he might have done wrong and implores him to shape his life in a way that will be good for him. She has met Lara and she likes Lara, though she admits that Lara is “the complete opposite” of her (314). She ends by stating her belief that they will never see each other again. Overcome with emotion, Yuri clutches his chest and falls unconscious.
Yuri Zhivago’s world is defined by The Inevitability of Fate. Despite the immensity of Russia and the size of its population, many of the same names, faces, and places are repeated throughout his life. When he is working with the Forest Brotherhood, for example, he is under the leadership of Mikulitsyn’s son. Pasha and Yusup fight against one another after growing up as neighbors, while the fathers of the current generation—the men of the 1905 revolution—have taken up the mantle of the cause in an embittered, brutal fashion. Yuri is tossed between these competing forces, thrown into a battle he wants no part of. Even when he is working as a doctor for the Forest Brotherhood, Liberius cannot goad him into a political discussion. Focusing only on what he can change, Yuri tries to excuse himself from political matters. This proves impossible, however, as fate contrives to throw him into such situations again and again. Yuri’s primary concern is keeping his family safe, while Liberius insists on taking an active role in the social transformations of the time. Fate is an overpowering force, driving revolutions and mass movements, while Yuri wants only to keep everything the same. His opposition the chaotic forces of the war presents him as a foolish and doomed man out of time. Yuri rebels against fate, only for fate to throw him into increasingly absurd situations.
Yuri's initial escape attempts prove fruitless. Not only is he closely guarded, but the Forest Brotherhood are confident that the threat of violence will keep him in their camp. Eventually, however, Yuri is overcome with a desire to leave. He seizes his opportunity and skis away into the night. Tellingly, though he has justified his escape with thoughts of his family, the actual name that comes immediately to him while he leaves the camp is Lara. Just as when he was young, he calls out the name of a woman as though she can hear him. Once, he was calling out to his dead mother. Now, he is calling out to his lover, rather than his wife. That Lara's name comes to him in a moment of emotional liberation is telling. Yuri tells himself that he loves Tonya, but the true love of his life—the woman he truly desires to be with—is Lara. He sees Lara's arms in the branches of the trees that he passes, he calls out her name to the vastness of the night and promises to be with her. Yuri may justify his escape by referencing his family, but his true emotions are revealed the second he leaves the Forest Brotherhood. He feels a responsibility for his family, but he feels a passion for Lara.
Here again, Yuri’s romantic life exemplifies the theme of Tension Between Opposing Values. For all the travails and difficulties that Yuri faces, for all the threats to his physical well-being, the emotional burden of choosing between Lara and Tonya is far more of a concern to him. He is torn between two worlds, and he feels the need to make a decision, as he did just before he was abducted by the Forest Brotherhood. Accepting The Inevitability of Fate, Yuri refuses to make a definitive decision, allowing his impulses and good fortune to guide him. He immediately seeks out Lara, justifying his actions in whatever way he can. When he falls sick, she is there to nurse him back to health and he stays with her. Yuri does not explicitly choose to be with Lara; he simply embraces what he sees as his fate. This indecision leaves him wracked with guilt. He constantly talks about his need to find Tonya and his family, all while staying with Lara. Eventually, Yuri is shamed into admitting the reality of the situation when Tonya writes to him. She explicitly states that he does not love her as she loves him, a reality which has been obvious to her for some time, but which Yuri has refused to contemplate. To do so would go against his idea of himself, particularly his idea of himself as different from his father. He does not want to be like his father, who ruined his life by setting up a second family and abandoning his wife and child. As such, Tonya's letter does not give permission to Yuri to reach the decision he truly wants to reach (to be with Lara). Instead, the letter increases his guilt and drives him further into the moral quandary and self-reflection he has been trying to escape.
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