50 pages • 1 hour read
Isabella HammadA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Mariam drops Sonia off at Haneen’s apartment in Haifa. They talk about the conflict brewing at the Al-Aqsa Mosque, also known as the Temple Mount, in Jerusalem. A few days prior, three Jewish Israeli guards were killed there. In response, Israeli authorities shut down access to the Muslim holy site. Haneen mentions that three students at her university were arrested for “suspicion of planning to organise demonstrations against the killing” of a Palestinian in Jerusalem (157). Haneen suggests there might be a collaborator on campus.
Later, Sonia takes a bath and texts Ibrahim. They agree to meet up later for drinks. From the bath, Sonia asks Haneen why she never told Sonia that Rashid died. Haneen apologizes and starts to say, “I didn’t think,” which Sonia thinks means, “I didn’t think you would care” (160).
Sonia meets up with Ibrahim at a bar. He tells her that he was involved in the Second Intifada (2000-2005) and that “a play is like an operation from the old days” (162). Ibrahim tells her that as a child growing up in Israel, he knew to be worried about collaborators with the Israelis. An event in 2000 where the Israeli military killed 13 Palestinian Israeli citizens at a protest politicized him; his school friend was one of those killed. Sonia shares she used to be a ballet dancer. She reflects that Israel-Palestine occupies “a large space in the global mind” for such a small territory (165).
They go back to Ibrahim’s apartment and have sex. Sonia leaves early the next morning.
The novel continues in script format. The actors gather at Mariam’s apartment for rehearsal. While they wait, Wael asks Sonia what her family’s “Nakba story” is, meaning what happened to her family during the expulsion of Arabs during and following the creation of the Jewish nation of Israel in 1948. Sonia says she isn’t sure. Mariam, Haneen, and Ibrahim arrive. The actors rehearse the scene where Hamlet accuses his mother, Gertrude, of plotting to kill his father and then kills Polonius, Ophelia’s father.
In conventional first-person narrative form, Sonia reflects on her family’s Nakba story. On April 22, 1948, soon after Sonia’s father was born, the Israeli state was officially formed. Despite the dangers for them as an Arab family, they decided to stay in their home in Haifa. From the balcony, Sonia’s grandmother watched the Palestinians fleeing. She saw a woman in the crowd drop her baby. When the man beside her picked up the bundle, they realized it was a pillow; they had left behind the baby. They could not go back for it because the Haganah, the Jewish paramilitary forces, were pursuing them. Sonia’s family was able to keep their house because they stayed in the home, unlike many other Palestinians.
Sonia tells Mariam she wants to see her grandparents’ house before they leave Haifa. Mariam agrees. They run into Salim, Mariam’s brother while standing outside the house. He promises to help Mariam get funding for the play. While they talk, the Jewish man who now owns the house comes out. Sonia tells him that her family used to live there, and they came to see it out of nostalgia. He retorts, “You can keep your nostalgia quiet,” and tells them to leave (188). As they drive away, Mariam tells Sonia that Salim and Haneen are very close.
On the radio, while driving back to Ramallah, there is word that unrest is brewing in Jerusalem over the shutdown of the mosque area and the installation of metal detectors at the entrance. Sonia tells Mariam she’s decided that Gertrude is “sort of half-complicit” in the murder of Hamlet’s father by Claudius (191). Mariam tells Sonia she needs to work on making her formal Arabic sound more natural. She asks if Sonia has ever wanted children because “motherhood is important in the play” (192). Sonia tells Mariam about her abortion and lost pregnancy. Afterward, Mariam hugs her, but Sonia feels “raw” from being so vulnerable.
Sonia remembers how after she lost her pregnancy, she had vaginal pain. She went to see a Jewish physiotherapist named Shoshana. One day, Shoshana asked, “Does it still hurt when your husband touches you?” (195). Sonia was wary because she did not wear a wedding ring and had never mentioned a husband. She never returned to the practice. Lying in her bed in Ramallah, Sonia wonders if Shoshana was trying to figure out if her Arab last name was hers from birth or marriage. She thinks about the last time she saw Marco; it was at a stage production of Wide Sargasso Sea, and he was there with a woman named Piya.
Sonia texts her mother, who tells her to “be careful.” The next morning, the news reports that hundreds of people were praying in the streets outside Al-Aqsa mosque in protest of the restrictions. Mariam and Sonia go to the theater, where Mariam presents her stage designs. She explains that they will stage the play in Bethlehem near the division wall that separates Israel from the West Bank. The set is quite large and dramatic. Her brother, Anwar, designed it, and her brother, Salim, is helping with the funding. While she talks, Ibrahim lets Sonia know that a “day of rage” is planned at al-Aqsa, and he is worried.
Amin arrives late and in a sour mood from being held for over an hour at the checkpoint. He trips Wael during an entrance and then storms off. Eventually, Mariam gets the cast back together and temporarily smooths things over. After rehearsal, Sonia calls her father, Nabil, and asks him about his involvement in the resistance. He is reluctant to talk about it and says, “Palestine is gone. We lost her a long time ago” (210). When she tells him about the Jewish man in her grandparent’s house, Nabil laughs and says Sonia is like a ghost haunting the man.
Later, Mariam returns home and tells Sonia they have found a young actor named Jenan to play Ophelia. Sonia is relieved.
Sonia wakes up to an email from the director, Harold, about his production of Hamlet and wishing her luck with her performance as Gertrude. Sonia is surprised to see there has been a news story covering the “outrage” about their upcoming production of Hamlet. Mariam admits that she had hoped to have money to fund the work from Kuwait and Qatar through her brother, Salim. She says they are trying to build a Palestinian cultural organization that operates throughout the West Bank, Israel, and the Gaza Strip. Sonia says “they” (the Israeli security services) won’t like that.
Mariam, Sonia, George, and Wael go to Bethlehem. They meet Ibrahim, Faris, and Amin there. The enormous set with its dramatic chandelier awes the cast. Mariam introduces everyone to the new actor, Jenan. Sonia thinks she looks “perfect” for the role of Ophelia. Majed arrives late. The Israeli security forces summoned him for interrogation. Mariam seems worried, but they continue rehearsal. During a break, Sonia goes to find a bathroom with Jenan. They chat, and Sonia tells Jenan that if Jenan hadn’t come, Sonia would have had to play both Ophelia and Gertrude. Jenan seems surprised by this news.
Later, Wael and Ibrahim are practicing a combat scene when they hear shouting, screaming, and “cracks of tear gas” (229). They are under attack from the Israeli forces. The cast runs. Ibrahim, Jenan, Mariam, and George end up driving back to Ramallah together. While eating dinner, Anwar arrives. He tells Mariam that Wael and Amin had a big fight, and Wael is quitting the play. No one can contact Wael. The group talks about how the Israelis found out about the funding scheme. George makes it clear he doesn’t like Sonia. He insinuates she might have informed on them.
A key theme of these chapters is Palestinian Identity and Resistance. One way Hammad presents this theme is through the varied backgrounds of the Palestinian characters, their Palestinian identities, and their different engagements with the resistance to Israeli occupation. For example, Haneen and Mariam are relatively wealthy Christian Palestinians who live “inside,” or within the 1948 borders of Israel. Sonia is a Christian Palestinian who lives in the diaspora and has only visited the West Bank once before joining the stage production of Hamlet. In contrast, Amin is a poor orphan who grew up in a refugee camp in the West Bank and whose family fled Jaffa, a city near Jerusalem, in 1948. Wael Hejazi has a similar background to Amin, but he has more money and opportunities after winning a singing contest. His high profile affords him travel documents to travel to Israel, although not without Israeli authorities subjecting him to detention and interrogation These varying backgrounds create tension amongst the cast and characters even as a common Palestinian identity binds them. This shows how Palestinians are not a monolith; Palestinian identity encompasses people across territories, classes, languages, and religions, including those who are part of the diaspora. They are tied together by a common historical experience, including that of the Nakba, ongoing oppression due to the Israeli occupation, and cultural identity. For example, Wael seeks to bond with Sonia by asking her about her family’s Nakba story. She rejects this intimacy because she struggles with The Challenge of Intimacy in Relationships. However, this represents the common ties and how the characters use them to establish and strengthen common ties.
The geographic and cultural differences between groups of Palestinians make collective organizing difficult and continue to develop this theme. There are Palestinians in the occupied West Bank and the Gaza Strip, as well as in Israel itself, but these territories are separated from one another, and many Palestinians are unable to travel between them because Israel controls the borders. Mariam tells Sonia she wants to build a cultural organization that is “country-wide, for all Palestinians, everywhere. They’ve stopped us having political unity but we can put money into building cultural unity, of a kind” (215). Mariam’s ambitious dream is to create collaborative, unified forms of Palestinian identity and resistance to the conditions of occupation through cultural productions, particularly theater.
One choice Mariam makes in pursuit of this dream is her decision to stage Hamlet in formal Arabic rather than dialectical Palestinian Arabic. This establishes the motif of language in the novel. The language of formal Arabic is typically emblematic of pan-Arab “high-culture” theater. The actors struggle with it, as it is not as familiar to them. For instance, Mariam tells Sonia that her formal Arabic sounds “a bit stiff” (191). If Mariam had instead opted for a Palestinian Arabic dialect, the play would be more locally oriented and more accessible to a large population. This demonstrates that Mariam is attempting to both create “high art” and staging works that attract crowds It is not yet clear if such a balancing act is truly possible.
Sonia further reflects on her relationship to her Palestinian identity and the resistance to Israeli occupation when she goes to see her grandparents’ house, which a Jewish Israeli family purchased. She thinks, “We were enacting a Palestinian cliché: coming to see the house the family had lost. Although, as Mariam pointed out, my case did not quite fit that mould” (185). Sonia’s case is different from many others because they did not lose the family home in the Nakba or subsequent occupations; the family sold it. She emphasizes this disconnect from the Palestinian identity “as someone whose bond to this community had been thinned out by distance and the disconnection of someone moderately traumatized as a child” (186). The author further highlights Sonia’s feeling of being disconnected from the Palestinian struggle because her family was not refugees from Israel in 1948 when the new actor, Jenan, who is from Nablus in the West Bank, quizzes her about her family background. She feels compelled to tell Jenan her other grandfather was a refugee hailing from Tiberias, but he hesitates to do so for fear of sounding defensive. However, as the play goes on and through the practice of rehearsing and spending more time in the Palestinian community, Sonia begins to build more connections to her Palestinian identity.