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39 pages 1 hour read

Gloria Naylor

Linden Hills

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1985

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Chapters 1-3Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 1 Summary: “Linden Hills”

In 1820 Luther Nedeed’s double great-grandfather bought the land that would become the Linden Hills neighborhood, a disputed area which had “contracted and expanded over the years to include no one, and then practically everyone in Wayne County” (1). For seven days, Nedeed’s double great-grandfather sat in watch over his “wedge of their world” (2) and, after a week’s vigil, he opened his undertaker’s business, knowing that “unlike the South, the North didn’t care if blacks and whites were buried together so long as they didn’t live together” (3).

Over the years, as the Nedeeds passed Linden Hills on to their sons, Wayne County changed as farms were replaced by townships and factories. Old Luther’s son began to rent out shacks along Tupelo Drive—the closest road to Nedeed’s clapboard at the base of Linden Hills—and to rent out the plots from First Crescent Drive down to Fifth Crescent Drive. Eventually, Nedeed, “seeing that the government and real estate developers wanted his land so badly, decided to insure that they’d never be able to get their hands on it” and so gave each resident “a thousand-year-and-a-day lease—provided only that they passed their property on to their children” or another black family (7). Nedeed wanted Linden Hills to be “a wad of spit—a beautiful, black wad of spit right in the white eye of America” (9). So, this Luther Nedeed, wanting to turn his grandfather’s dream into a “jewel,” raised money to start the Tupelo Realty Corporation, an organization responsible for constructing “imitation Swiss chalets, British Tudors, and Georgian townhouses flanked by arbors” and vetting applicants to live in Linden Hills, specifically Tupelo Drive (10). Linden Hills soon became the place that “every black in Wayne County wanted to be a part of;” however, “only ‘certain’ people got to live in Linden Hills” (15).

In the present day, Luther Nedeed—the descendant in charge of his double great-grandfather’s vision—sees that “something had gone terribly wrong with Linden Hills” (16) because the residents can only reflect outward “the bright nothing that was inside of them” (17). Nedeed is also dissatisfied with his own family, as his wife “had given him a son, but a white son,” and Nedeed is convinced that the child cannot be his and that his wife must have cheated on him (18). So, Nedeed decides—in order to teach his wife to obey him—to lock his wife and son in the basement of his house.

Chapter 2 Summary: “December 19th”

In Chapter 2, Naylor introduces us to Wayne Avenue, a street of apartments that sit above Linden Hills, home to those “who had fled from the crowded sections of Putney Wayne and the alleys of Brewster Place” (23). Specifically, we meet Willie K. Mason—or “White” because he “was so black that the kids said if he turned just a shade darker, there was nothing he could do but start going the other way” (24)—who lives in Wayne Avenue, and Lester “Baby Shit”—or “Shit”—who lives with his mother and sister on the Fifth Avenue of Linden Hills. Lester and Willie have been friends since the seventh grade, although their friendship was solidified when they learned both were aspiring poets, Willie in his head and Lester on paper: “Bloody noses had made them friends, but giving sound to the bruised places in their hearts made them brothers” (28).

Lester and Willie are both unemployed, and it’s the week before Christmas. Willie “had left school after the ninth grade” (28), while Lester graduated high school but chose not to go to college because “to write great poetry you had to be out among the people, not locked away behind a twenty-foot stone wall” (28). Neither has any money to buy their families Christmas presents, and they’re trying to decide what to do when they bump into their friends Norman and Ruth Anderson, who invite them up to their apartment for a drink. The Anderson home is bare but extremely neat, with “bare wood floors, dusted and polished, and with the three pieces of furniture that sat in three large rooms,” and only “three Styrofoam cups” to drink from” (33). Every few years, when Norman “got the pinks,” he would go “up and down Wayne Avenue, screaming and tearing at his face and hair with his fingernails, trying to scrape off the pinks,” which is why the Andersons can’t keep anything sharp inside their apartment, or anything that could be smashed and destroyed (34). Six years ago, Ruth—who had once lived on Fifth Crescent Drive until the breakdown of her first marriage and her second marriage to Norman—had almost left, but she decided to stay when, in the middle of one of his “pinks,” Norman helped Ruth when she was sick, and so “she was still there because of some aspirin and a glass of water” (37).

Ruth suggests that Lester and Willie try looking for work in Linden Hills, as “there’s lots of people like Mrs. Donnell looking for someone to do heavy cleaning and clearing up extra bedrooms for guests” (41). The two set off for Linden Hills, and Willie agrees to stay over at Lester’s house on Fifth Crescent Drive so they can get an early start the next day. The Tilson house “was the smallest house on a street of brick ranch houses with iron picket fences,” neat and decorated entirely in green (47). Over dinner, Mrs. Tilson complains about how Lester didn’t go to college; afterward, Lester complains to Willie about his family. This is too much for Willie, who says that “you [Lester] still live here, with all your hollering and screaming Uncle Tom at other folks, and I think you like living here” (58). Willie “grew up with five brothers and sisters in three rooms,” and his “mom got beat up every night after payday by a man who couldn’t bear the thought of bringing home a paycheck only large enough for three people and making it stretch over eight people, so he drank up half of it” (58).

As Lester and Willie are about to go to sleep, they hear “a long, thin wail” coming up over Linden Hills, a sound that makes them freeze (60).

Chapter 3 Summary: “December 20th”

This chapter opens with a different voice—and Naylor uses a different font to illustrate this—as we get the perspective of Nedeed’s wife, who is locked in the basement. It’s unclear how long she has been locked there, but it’s been so long that her young son has died: “The limp body was hugged to her chest while the pale, shriveled arms and legs dangled behind her back” (66). We learn that the “long, thin wail” that Willie and Lester heard the night before was the sound of Mrs. Nedeed grieving for her dead son (60).

Meanwhile, upstairs, Nedeed is drinking his “brandy and soda,” musing upon his wife’s absence in the house as “nothing had gone smoothly since his wife had been downstairs” (66). He can’t understand how he could have chosen his wife so badly, although “he was no fool; he knew she would never have looked at him if it weren’t for the feel of the name Mrs. Luther Nedeed as she slipped on that white satin and brocade” (69). Feeling some empathy for her plight downstairs—but not enough to free her—he gives her some water for the night.

Later that day, Lester and Willie head over to the wedding of Winston Alcott—a resident of Linden Hills—to earn some money. Winston Alcott heads to his wedding with Luther Nedeed and his best man, David. The mood in the car is “gloomy” (74). We learn about the conversation that Winston had with own father a few months prior, when his father brought up the “rumors hanging over his [Winston’s] head”—rumors of Winston’s homosexuality—and how such rumors could not only ruin his career as a corporate lawyer but also get him kicked out of Linden Hills (77). Only marriage might put an end to these rumors. David—Winston’s best man—is not only his best and oldest friend, but also the man who “gave him his center, but the world had given him [Winston] no words—and ultimately no way—with which to cherish that” (80). David has broken off his romantic relationship with Winston because Winston will not own up to their relationship and leave Linden Hills, and is pursuing a life in Linden Hills over David.

Willie and Lester watch the wedding reception from the kitchen while cleaning plates. Willie notices that something is amiss with the wedding guests, realizing that all these people lack “spontaneity” and that “he was actually watching them watch themselves have this type of affair” (83). Similarly, he notices tension between the groom and his best man during the best man’s speech—which sounds more like a goodbye than anything else—and that the groom—rather than being happy on his wedding day—is in fact “drowning” and “no one could see” (90). Finally, Luther Nedeed offers the newly married couple a mortgage to a home on Tupelo Drive, the most prestigious real estate in Linden Hills, something that everyone else wants.

Chapters 1-3 Analysis

In the opening chapter, Naylor provides a detailed history of the Linden Hills neighborhood and of the Nedeed family that gave rise to it and still preside over it. We are introduced to the notion of the American dream, the desire to rise and prosper. In the Linden Hills neighborhood, “to rise” actually means to descend because Tupelo Drive, the most prestigious real estate, is situated at the bottom of the hill. Throughout Linden Hills, Naylor alludes to Dante’s Inferno, where the writer himself journeys through nine circles of hell before reaching the very center, where the devil resides. The Nedeed mansion located at the very base of the hill is thus also the very center of hell, where the devil—Nedeed—resides.

Naylor perverts the American dream not only by showing it is a descent rather than an ascent, but also by revealing that Nedeed has imprisoned his wife and child in the basement of this pinnacle of aspiration. The imprisonment violently illustrates the cost of wealth and success, demonstrating that individuals are often destroyed, degraded, and subjected to suffering so others can succeed (i.e., attain wealth and status in society). Similarly, such debasing treatment of women is rife in Linden Hills, a status quo that stems from the very literal confinement and subjugation of Nedeed’s wife: “Obviously, he had allowed a whore into his home but he would turn her into a wife” (19).

To contrast the story of the Nedeeds, we meet Willie and Lester in Chapter 2. Unlike Lester, Willie lives on Wayne Avenue in relative poverty and has grown up sharing a room with five other brother and sisters. Both Lester and Willie are aspiring poets, which dramatically contrasts with the aspirations of most Linden Hills residents whose primary aim is to secure a home on Tupelo Drive precisely because writing poetry does not ensure wealth or even prestige. Neither Willie nor Lester pursue college because they believe that to write poetry, they need to live in the world rather than hide behind the “fences” and “walls” of academic institutions. It is just such “fences” and “walls” that separate Linden Hills from the inhabitants of Wayne Avenue—and even Brewster Place—creating a “them-and-us-thing” (47) where the inhabitants of Linden Hills believe such demarcations raise them above the general populace: “To get you used to the idea that what they have in there is different, special. Something to be separated from the rest of the world. They get you thinking fences, man, don’t you see it” (45).

This second chapter also signifies the first step of Lester and Willie’s journey through the circles of hell to mimic Dante’s journey in the Inferno. Here, Lester and Willie stay overnight in Lester’s house on Fifth Crescent Drive and, on the following day, begin their descent through Linden Hills in the search of work, meeting different residents along the way.

In the third chapter, we meet the second of a rotating cast of characters: Winston Alcott and his former lover, David. In each chapter after the first, Naylor introduces another character or set of characters—who rarely reappear after their chapter—to illustrate a different aspect of Linden Hills life and the consequences of living there. Winston Alcott gains everything that he and his neighbors aspire toward—a house on Tupelo Drive. But even as Luther Nedeed gives Winston and his new wife “a platinum-and-diamond key-shaped necklace” to signify this new home, Winston only offers a “frozen grimace” in response rather than true happiness (87). For Winston, achieving Tupelo Drive is an empty success because he has had to sacrifice his relationship with David—and his happiness—to do so.

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