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Castle William is a British fortification located on a small island in Boston Harbor. Its strategic importance—guarding the harbor and mainland against foreign invasion—shifts to providing a refuge for British troops during the colonial rebellion. Gage uses it as a temporary headquarters, and loyalists (including Hutchinson), fearing for their lives, retreat to the island for protection until hostilities cease or they can secure safe passage back to England.
When Washington’s troops surround Boston and fire upon the city, Howe moves most of his forces to Castle William to regroup for a counterassault, although bad weather prevents a safe landing on the shore. Castle William, the oldest fortification in the United States, is a vital cog in the British defenses, an ideal tactical location for repelling an assault by sea against one of the most populous colonies.
Although John Adams bemoans the glacial pace of the Continental Congress—its endless debates and speeches that yield very little tangible results—the congress is a monumental step in the path toward American independence. For the first time, the colonies unite as a single representative body, putting their cultural differences aside to address the problem of British rule. The congress is significant also as a statement to England that the colonies can unite. Up until that moment, the king and his ministers assumed the colonies are too divided culturally and politically to come together, but the congress disproves that assumption. Although progress is slow, the congress succeeds on several fronts: forming an army and appointing a commander; petitioning England for a redress of its grievances; and most importantly, crafting the document that will officially sever ties with England once and for all. The importance of the declaration cannot be overstated. By signing it, delegates effectively declare themselves in rebellion to the crown and risk hanging if they are arrested. While the problems with the Continental Congress are numerous, its very formation signals to England that colonies are serious about independence, and that they are willing to practice what they preach.
The Sons of Liberty are a loose affiliation of “provocateurs” who use civil disobedience to call attention to what they view as serious transgressions of the British Empire. Sam Adams is the most notable member in the narrative. His relentless, inflammatory rhetoric and talent for organization results in several key protests in Boston designed to irritate British authority and to push moderate colonists to the radical fringes. The Sons of Liberty have several tangible successes, notably the repeal of the Stamp Act. They facilitate the Boston Tea Party, and their harassment of British troops results in the shooting of civilians later known as the Boston Massacre. The Sons of Liberty, while despised by the king and his ministers, become an important symbol of the right to civil disobedience.
In 1767, Parliament passes the Townsend Act, a series of taxes on British imports that infuriates colonists who see the duties as unfair since they have no voice in how these taxes are levied. In a conflict marked by a series of grave misjudgments, the Townsend Act is simply one among many but a major catalyst of the growing protest movement. The major colonial grievance—taxation without representation—refers directly to the Townshend and Stamp Acts and exemplifies the utter disconnect between the two countries. The king maintains he has the right to levy taxes at his own discretion, and the taxes are meant to finance the “administration” of the colonies. The British government cannot understand why the colonists would object to something that is intended to finance their own affairs. The fact that these taxes are levied without the direct consent of the governed is a foreign (and dangerous) concept, one that strips the king of his power and allocates it directly to the people. The Townsend Act represents to the colonists a radical restructuring of power. The symbolism is not lost on either side, and although most of it is repealed, the remaining tea tax is enough to bring both sides into armed conflict.
American Revolution
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Books on U.S. History
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Challenging Authority
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Class
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Class
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Colonialism & Postcolonialism
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Community
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Equality
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Family
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Fathers
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Fear
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Globalization
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Hate & Anger
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Marriage
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Memorial Day Reads
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Military Reads
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Mortality & Death
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Power
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Revenge
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Teams & Gangs
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The Past
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War
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