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67 pages 2 hours read

Jeff Shaara

Rise To Rebellion: A Novel of the American Revolution

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 2001

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Part 2, Chapters 24-29Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Part 2: “Lions and Lambs”

Part 2, Chapter 24 Summary: “Adams”

Philadelphia, October 1, 1774

As it becomes clear that Boston has not been destroyed, the Continental Congress settles into broader debates. The conservative faction proposes a “Grand Council” to govern all 13 colonies, with all policies subject to the King’s veto. Adams is discouraged that the proposal gains momentum rather than talk of independence.

Over dinner, Adams discusses the conservative proposal with Richard Henry Lee of Virginia, who argues that the plan will never work, and its supporters will realize that. He urges Adams to be patient and offer viable alternative to the conservatives. As debate drones on, a messenger, Paul Revere, arrives from Boston. As Gage has sealed off Boston, the colony decides to fight back. They resolve to pay no taxes to the Crown, to “disregard the authority of British soldiers” (216), and to use force to free political prisoners.

October 28, 1774

After two months, the Continental Congress adjourns. The conservative proposal is defeated, and the delegation resolves to strike back with a boycott of all British goods and services. Adams and Patrick Henry discuss the possibility of war and the likelihood of another congress. Adams realizes he forgot his 10th wedding anniversary.

Part 2, Chapter 25 Summary: “Franklin”

London, October 1774

Franklin tells Strahan he feels estranged from his loyalist son, William, the colonial governor of New Jersey. They debate the rights of the colonies versus the authority of the king. Franklin envisions the inevitable end of the British Empire.

December 1774

As Franklin wrestles with the question of satisfying colonial grievance, Lady Howe, the sister of two military commanders, invites him to a game of chess. As they face each other across the chess board, Franklin is distracted by Howe’s beauty. She talks about the “dispute” between America and England, and her brother, Lord Admiral Howe, who is present, offers to act as intermediary between Franklin and the king’s ministers. Howe hands Franklin the official petition to the king from the Continental Congress. Franklin notes the proposed solutions in the document, but Howe, who assumes Franklin is loyal to the king, calls the congress an “outrageous assembly of criminals” (230).

Part 2, Chapter 26 Summary: “Franklin”

London, February 1775

Franklin is visited by Lord Chatham, a voice of opposition to the king, who intends to petition the crown to reinstate the Massachusetts Charter and “recognize the Continental Congress as a representative body” (243). Chatham claims England is already preparing for war. Franklin agrees to write him a speech for Parliament.

Before the House of Lords, Chatham argues that England’s actions are tyrannical, as the king still derives his power from the will of the governed. After the speech, Lord Dartmouth agrees to consider his petition. The petition, however, is denounced by the Earl of Sandwich, a vocal defender of the king. Parliament votes against Chatham’s petition. War appears inevitable.

Franklin considers leaving England when a letter arrives from his son, William, informing him that his mother, Franklin’s wife, has died. Franklin decides to return to his true home, the colonies.

Part 2, Chapter 27 Summary: “Gage”

Boston, April 1775

Gage sends a message to Sam Adams: Stop resisting Gage’s authority in exchange for personal gain. Sam rejects the proposal.

The commander of a new contingent of British marines, Major Pitcairn, suggests that “burning two or three of their towns” (244) will thwart a rebellion. He believes that the military uniform as symbol of British might would be enough to scare off colonists. Gage knows the problem runs deeper than symbolic shows of force, but he is caught between appearing weak and starting a war. Although Pitcairn imagines his 400 marines are more than a match for the “rabble,” Gage knows the colonists have passion and righteous anger on their side.

When Gage’s son, William, dies in London, Margaret falls into deep sadness, wandering the streets of Boston alone. She is overwhelmed by hopelessness for her family and her country. She falls in with a new set of friends. Meanwhile, Gage finally receives the authority from the ministry to use force at his discretion.

Part 2, Chapter 28 Summary: “Revere”

Boston, April 18, 1775

As troops prepare for offensive action, silversmith Paul Revere uses his popularity among the wives of British officers to gather intelligence. That night, he meets with Joseph Warren. He passes another comrade, Will Dawes, who whispers that they will meet later “in Lexington.” Warren reports that Gage is sending troops to Lexington to arrest Sam Adams and John Hancock before proceeding on to Concord to confiscate a store of munitions. Revere is tasked with warning Sam and Hancock. As he leaves Warren’s house, Margaret Gage, now a spy for the Sons of Liberty, enters.

Revere crosses the harbor to the mainland. From there, he watches for the signal from a church steeple. When he sees two lanterns, he mounts his horse and rides for Lexington. The British are coming by water. As he rides past farmhouses, he shouts his warning, and colonists arm themselves in preparation.

Part 2, Chapter 29 Summary: “Pitcairn”

The Road to Lexington, April 19, 1775

Pitcairn’s march to Lexington is delayed by too few longboats to ferry his 600 troops, who instead cross in groups. The soldiers wade through icy water, attempting a surprise attack. As the troops march across the countryside, they hear church bells—signals to the colonial rebels. They capture a colonial rider who warns them of 500 armed colonists waiting for them on Lexington Green. Pitcairn is not impressed.

Pitcairn grows impatient with the company’s slow progress, so he proceeds with one-fourth of his force. When they reach Lexington, they encounter 40 militiamen facing them across the green. Pitcairn orders them to lay down their muskets and disperse. When they comply, musket fire erupts from the nearby houses. The British fire on the dispersing colonists even as Pitcairn orders them to hold their fire. His order is eventually heard, but several colonists lay dying on the green. In the confusion, Sam Adams and Hancock escaped.

The British march to Concord, the surrounding hills scattered with militiamen. When they reach their destination, the troops are ordered to a local farm to confiscate the munitions. Pitcairn advises caution, to keep the bloodshed to a minimum, but the commander of the full company, Colonel Francis Smith, is eager for battle. As the British forces divide into smaller contingents, Pitcairn sees a line of militiamen forming on a nearby hill—400 well-armed, well-trained men. The contingent guarding the bridge fires first, and the rebels return fire. The British, divided and outnumbered, retreat in panic.

Rebel reinforcements arrive, but there is no further fighting. Pitcairn’s men find no munitions buried at the farm—the colonists have relocated them. As the British march back toward Lexington, they encounter resistance from rebels hiding in a small wood, but the dense trees slow the British pursuit, and the rebels escape. The British are followed by sniper fire, the effect more psychological than physical. Despite reinforcements, the rebels’ guerilla tactics take their toll on the British, who respond by murdering innocent civilians on the road back to Boston.

Part 2, Chapters 24-29 Analysis

In this section, the rhetorical war finally erupts into a physical fight, and the British, confident that a “ragtag” colonial militia is no match for their mighty army, are soon humbled in the Battle of Lexington and Concord, building the theme of The Radical Concept of Self-Government. The arrogance of men like Pitcairn is partly based on the assumption that this conflict will be orderly and structured, a game played by the old rules of engagement. They may have the advantage in numbers, but they do not anticipate the rebels’ strike-and-run guerilla strategy. While they view it as cowardly and untraditional, it is simply the militia utilizing its only tactical advantage against a common enemy that relies on tradition. This conflict of tradition versus innovation is captured in the fact the British are mired in the status quo. They don’t understand why the colonies won’t behave like the rest of their empire, and they believe that a show of force will solve the problem, as it has in the past. British leaders believe that their reputation precedes them and lean too heavily on their history as part of a strong empire with no capable enemy forces. The colonists, however, take an innovative approach, seeking to govern themselves and using knowledge of their home turf to give themselves a fighting chance against a superior opponent. Further, the colonies’ burgeoning solidarity ensures that other colonists are given advance notice of the arrival of the British. If the colonists were, as the British believe them to be, ununited and separate in identity, perhaps they would not have strategized well. However, the British unwillingness to recognize The Tension of Conflicting Identities and the existence of an American identity works against them and further strengths an American identity. The British army’s failure to adapt to the tides of change signals the beginning of the end to what is supposed to be a quick, regional skirmish, foreshadowing the outcome of many future battles. Additionally, the British resistance to innovation foreshadows an arrogance in traditional battle strategies hundreds of years in the making that the colonists are aware of and can therefore continue to manipulate.

The British view protest as an inconvenient and childish nuisance rather than a valid form of resistance, highlighting the theme of The Tension of Conflicting Identities. Protest disrupts the British sense of order and authority, contributing to their perception of the colonists as uncouth and barbaric. What they fail to understand is that men like John and Sam Adams, Joseph Warren, and John Hancock are highly educated, and they recognize the value and necessity—socially and rhetorically—of civil disobedience. While the king and his ministers 3,000 miles away hear only the whining of children, the leaders of the colonial rebellion are in fact organizing, stoking the fires of unrest and gathering more moderate citizens to their cause. When the warnings of men like Gage finally resonate with the king, it is already too late: The colonists are preparing for war and The Radical Concept of Self-Government.

Meanwhile, Franklin, accustomed to his celebrated status in London and Europe, has come to see the empire for what it is: a corrupt system of oppression in which favors are meted out without transparency. After being verbally assaulted before Parliament, Franklin understands that he is no longer the wise and eccentric American to be feted at royal events, but, rather, a pariah who has clearly chosen his home country over his adopted one. While voices of colonial support still exist in Parliament, they are few and far between, and the rabble-rousing of men like Sam Adams and Patrick Henry has eroded much of that support. As events escalate and the men furthest removed from war—the politicians—rattle their sabers the loudest, the narrative makes an ironic observation: It is the military men like Gage who understand the toll of war that are the most reluctant to engage in it. With miscommunication and misdirection from 3,000 miles away, the British military men on the ground are subject to the king and to attitudes of tradition and disbelief that any force can defeat the British army. In the minds of many politicians, the British numbers alone should ensure victory. This disconnect is key to the eventual American victory, and characters like Margaret Gage, who turns spy for the Sons of Liberty, help to demonstrate The Tension of Conflicting Identities.

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