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38 pages 1 hour read

Josephine Tey

The Daughter Of Time

Fiction | Novel | Adult | Published in 1951

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Chapters 4-7Chapter Summaries & Analyses

Chapter 4 Summary

Williams returns after lunch with the books Grant asked him to get. He couldn’t find a biography of Richard but has brought a biography of the king’s mother. He also brings the best history of England that the bookseller had in stock.

Grant starts reading the history book, which he finds slow going:

“He turned the pages and marveled how dull information is deprived of personality. The sorrows of humanity are no one’s sorrows […] A thousand people drowned in floods in China are news: a solitary child drowned in a pond is a tragedy” (52).

The only personal bit of information he can glean is that Edward visited his younger brothers every day. Grant speculates that Richard’s lifelong loyalty to his older brother, and future king, may have developed during this time in his childhood.

When Grant’s landlady, Mrs. Tinker, arrives for a visit, he asks her opinion of Richard. She tells him that Richard personally smothered his nephews. Rather than contradict her knowledge of the facts, he asks her to get a message to Marta requesting that she find a copy of Sir Thomas More’s History of Richard III. He hopes that More can shed some light on Richard’s character.

After Mrs. Tinker leaves, Grant returns to the history book he has on hand, concluding that “there was a dearth of human beings in this record of humanity” (58), lamenting the methodical recounting of events divorced from human motive or character.

Chapter 5 Summary

Grant switches to the fictionalized biography of Richard’s mother. He believes that “if you could not find out about a man, the next best way to arrive at an estimate of him was to find out about his mother” (59). He discovers that Richard’s mother, Cicely Neville, was happily married and notes that the “York family, even before tribulations, was a united one” (61).

Grant tries to hunt out passages that focus on Richard, but there are few. One of these descriptions depicts Richard as a black sheep: “Well, that might be fiction, but it was an illuminating glimpse of Richard. The dark one in a blond family. The one who ‘looked like a visitor. The ‘changeling’” (63).

Beyond that, Richard is in the background for much of the book. Only a few facts can be inferred. His loyalty to his brother Edward is steadfast even during the crisis over Edward’s marriage to a Woodville and his cousin Warwick’s revolt.

When Warwick launches an invasion to try to unseat Edward, it is Richard who outfits the English fleet even though he’s only 18 at the time. Richard is also the one responsible for negotiating an alliance between Edward and his turncoat brother George.

Richard’s loyalty to his family betrays no hint of the monster he is commonly believed to be.

Chapter 6 Summary

The next morning, Marta sends over a library copy of Thomas More’s account of Richard. Grant dives in eagerly but is immediately repelled by More’s backstairs gossip about the king, lamenting, “The murderer seemed of greater stature than the man who was writing of him. Which was all wrong” (71).

Grant compares More’s account to listening to a witness in court whose testimony seems accurate even though Grant’s instincts sense a flaw somewhere.

More states that Richard accused his own mother of adultery, stating that his two elder brothers were illegitimate and that he was the only rightful heir to the throne. Grant doesn’t find this account credible either: “This was so unlikely, so inherently absurd, that Grant went back and read it over again. […] Well, Sir Thomas More said it. And if anyone should know it would be Thomas More” (72).

More also provides some additional details about the murder of the young princes. His account states that Richard arranged to be away from London when Tyrrel carried out the order to kill the boys.

Grant’s reading is interrupted by the Midget, who brings his lunch. Grant finds himself wondering what could have changed so fundamentally in Richard’s character in so short a time. He turns to the fictional biography of Richard’s mother, hoping to find some insight. He’s disappointed because the biographer fails to cover the later years of Richard’s reign. Instead, she ends the book at a high point in the family’s fortunes.

Chapter 7 Summary

Just as he’s falling asleep that night, a new thought pops into Grant’s head: “Thomas More was Henry the Eighth” (80). Grant explains that he needs to associate historians with the rulers under whom they lived. Thomas More lived during the reign of Henry the Eighth. He was only a child during Richard’s reign, so his chronicle is based entirely on hearsay. This revelation disappoints Grant: “[He] had dealt too long with the human intelligence to accept as truth someone’s report of someone’s report of what that someone remembered to have seen or been told. He was disgusted” (81).

Grant knows that Thomas More is regarded as a Great Mind, but this fact carries little weight with him; “[h]e, Alan Grant, had known Great Minds so uncritical that they would believe a story that would make a con man blush for shame” (81).

Grant is determined to find a contemporary account of events during Richard’s reign. When Marta shows up to visit, he’s still fuming about not finding the information he needs. She puts him in touch with a young researcher she describes as a “wooly lamb” (86).

Grant admits the resemblance to a wooly lamb when Brent Carradine presents himself the next evening. Brent is an American staying in London. He’s trying to escape a tyrannical father who wants to put him to work in the family furniture business. Brent eagerly accepts a research job for Grant and promises to return with a contemporary account of Richard’s reign.

Chapters 4-7 Analysis

In this set of chapters, Grant pursues his investigation by trying to establish the facts of the Tower murders. He’s frustrated by the sources that the Amazon has brought him. Grant is willing to discount their validity because these books are written for children. He doesn’t yet question the accuracy of the murder charge against Richard.

Grant implicitly trusts that the historical record is correct. His only concern lies in finding a contemporary source that can give him some insight into Richard’s character.

He’s convinced that the key to understanding Richard’s motivation for killing his nephews lies within the king’s personality. All Grant’s historical sources fail him on this point.

When he receives a history book about the period from a recognized authority, he has high hopes. They’re dashed almost immediately by its dry reporting of the facts. He bemoans the lack of humanity in human history.

This cycle of disappointment repeats itself when the fictionalized biography of Richard’s mother sheds little light on the life of the son. Grant’s disappointment reaches its apex with Sir Thomas More’s account because the book is so highly revered yet smacks of backstairs gossip.

Grant has an epiphany when he realizes that More lived during the reign of Henry the Eighth. Because More serves the interests of the Tudor dynasty, his entire narrative is suspect. He is not a reliable witness.

Both Grant and the reader are learning less about the trustworthiness of Richard than the trustworthiness of historical sources.

In this section, Grant faults schoolbooks written for children for offering an oversimplified version of the facts. He also rejects more complex treatments of history because they produce a dry recording of fact with no insight into personality.

Worst of all, he now realizes that a leading authority on a specific set of historic facts may be biased in reporting those facts. Grant concludes that recognized authorities cannot be trusted to tell the truth at all.

This is the reason Grant hires a researcher to compile a more objective contemporary account of Richard’s reign.

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