69 pages • 2 hours read
Hilary MantelA modern alternative to SparkNotes and CliffsNotes, SuperSummary offers high-quality Study Guides with detailed chapter summaries and analysis of major themes, characters, and more.
Thomas takes Helen Barre, a poor, local woman into his household. Helen’s husband beat her and left her with their two young children. Thomas is granted a coat of arms: “azure, on a fess between three lions rampant or, a rose gules, barbed vert, between two Cornish choughs proper” (390). The black birds on the crest were retained from Wolsey’s coat of arms.
Bad weather keeps the king’s entourage in Calais for 10 days. At the end of the 10 days, a French boy seeks out Thomas. The boy’s name is Christophe and he asks to go with Thomas. Thomas is reminded of himself as a kid, and the boy becomes his servant.
Henry and Anne are married in a small, secretive service. At the service, William Brereton threatens Thomas not to mess with his family’s affairs; Thomas tells him it was a mistake to threaten him.
Thomas begins drafting a document defining the king as the “one Supreme Head and King” of the English Empire (396). He dines with Cranmer, newly instated as the Archbishop of Canterbury. He tells Cranmer that Anne Boleyn is already pregnant. The documents Thomas has been drafting will outlaw appealing to the pope in religious and political matters; it will give Cranmer discretion concerning Henry’s suit.
Anne lets slip in front of Chapuys that she is pregnant. In private, with Thomas, she discusses marrying her sister Mary to Richard Cromwell, who is related to the Tudors.
Thomas works on various projects. He arranges to have Gregory be sent to the household of Rowland Lee. He works on shoring up the kingdom’s finances and minting better quality coins.
In the Tower of London, Thomas visits John Frith, a married priest imprisoned by More while the rest of the court is in Calais. He is an extreme reformer and is disliked by the king. Thomas arranges to have him freed.
Henry introduces Thomas to the new French envoy, Jean de Dinteville, who is unaccustomed to the cold English weather. Jean tries to convince Thomas to postpone Anne’s coronation: King Francois did not know Anne was pregnant when he negotiated with Henry.
Thomas takes Richard and Gregory to court. Henry praises them; he wishes to see Richard jousting, bearing his family colors. Gregory is overjoyed to be praised by the king. Later, Thomas brings up Anne’s proposal to Richard Cromwell, who seems chagrined by it, but agrees to think it over. Thomas assures Rafe that there is nothing between he and Mary, and that Austin Friars will not become like Wolf Hall. Rafe is worried because all of their future hopes rest on Anne, who is both fickle and mortal.
Anne’s attendant ladies speculate on the gender of the baby. Anne and Henry are confident it will be a male heir. Anne questions why Thomas’ bill is taking so long to pass parliament. She has also heard that Elizabeth Barton had a vision of Princess Mary crowned queen.
Chapuys is in an increasingly perilous situation, at odds with the king. He questions Henry’s motives and tells him that there is no guarantee that Anne will provide a male heir.
Thomas’ bill passes, and Henry, greatly pleased, gives him “Lord Brener’s old post, chancellor of the exchequer” (411). At mass on Easter, Anne is “prayed for as Queen of England” (411). Thomas thinks of the young people of his household during the service; they must be married soon.
Henry talks to Thomas in private. He is worried; his sister is dying, and he does not know what to do with Princess Mary. He denies the proposed marriage between Richard and Mary Carey. Thomas “understands his reason. When Anne understands it, she will spit nails” (413).
Back in Austin Friars, Thomas meets with Richard and Gregory. He fears for their safety because of their jousting practice. He tells Richard that the marriage is off because Henry wants Mary for himself, to gratify his sexual urges while Anne is pregnant. Thomas agrees that Henry’s behavior is not becoming of a leader, but because he is a good king in most regards, he can overlook it. He instead intends Richard to marry Frances Murfyn, the daughter of a Lord Mayor. Richard is relieved, and Mercy approves of the union.
Riding into Bedfordshire, Thomas and Christophe discuss Cicero and Reginald Pole, a Plantagenet claimant to the throne who is abroad and feared to be plotting with the emperor against the king. Thomas visits Katherine, now called the Dowager Princess of Wales. She still holds out hope against Henry and Anne’s union. She believes Henry is fundamentally good, and that he will come back to her.
Thomas More “has fallen into poverty” (422). Thomas goes to visit him in Chelsea. More is still against Anne; he says her coronation will be “a day of shame for the women of England” (424). They discuss Elizabeth Barton and other prophetesses. Thomas warns More that he suspects the Franciscan monks of working against Henry and that they may be interrogated. He demands that More helps get John Frith released. However, Frith is taken from the tower to be examined by Cranmer. He is to be executed.
Preparations are made for Anne’s coronation. Henry knights many Boleyns and Howards. Arthur Plantagenet, Lord Lisle, is to replace Lord Berners as governor of Calais. Anne arrives in Westminster in an elaborate procession. Thomas visits Chaypuys. The ambassador is despondent; he has failed Katherine and the emperor.
Anne’s coronation day arrives. Thomas prays for her unborn child. He recognizes the opportunity to shape a prince, the same way that Wolsey shaped Henry. Anne is anointed and crowned by Cranmer. Henry is delighted; he tells Thomas, “This is my best day” (433). He gives Thomas a diamond ring to give to Anne.
Thomas goes to Anne’s bedchamber, where he is met by Norfolk’s niece, Mary Howard. He sees that Jane Seymour has matured, and he apologizes to Mary Carey about the failed union with Richard. He speculates that Henry will get her pregnant. He attempts to comfort her.
Stephen Gardiner is to be sent to France. Henry indicates that Thomas will take his position of Master Secretary. The king has grown tired of Gardiner impeding his wishes.
That night, Thomas and Christophe go to see Cranmer. In his chambers is a German woman—Cranmer’s wife, Margarete. Thomas is shocked. In Lutheran Germany priests may marry, but not in England. This was the secret Cranmer indicated in his letter. Margarete is pregnant.
Thomas agrees to help his friend keep his wife secret. Thomas returns to Austin Friars and summons Helen Barre. He refuses to tell Rafe what is going on. He takes Helen back to the Archbishop’s house to help Margarete.
Thomas is out hunting with the king on the day John Frith is burned. The king worries he is coming down with the plague, but he recovers by evening.
The pope declares Henry’s new marriage void. Cranmer meets with Elizabeth Barton. Rumors spread about midwives in Thomas’ household and about him hiding a foreign woman at a country house who “has given him a daughter” (446). Anne goes into confinement to prepare for childbirth.
Anne and Henry’s child is a girl. Henry names her Elizabeth. He takes the news surprisingly well on the surface. In private, he is inconsolable. Thomas tells Henry that he is young, and that God may intend some special blessing for Elizabeth. This brightens his mood; he repeats these words to Anne.
Elizabeth Barton is brought to live in London. She has been questioned by Cranmer and Lord Chancellor Audley. Sir Richard Riche, one of Cromwell’s fellow legislators, attends. Elizabeth tells Thomas that she has seen Wolsey’s soul “seated among the unborn” (454). She speaks of being visited by Lucifer, who asked to marry her, and upon her refusal, spat in her face. Elizabeth Barton leaves them shaken. Riche suggests burning her for treason. Thomas “can see that, in the years ahead, treason will take new and various forms” (457).
Alice, Thomas’ niece, discusses Elizabeth Barton’s fate with him. Alice believes Barton knows she is a fraud. Alice’s mother and Thomas’s sister, Bet, died of the plague the year before. Alice wants to marry Thomas Rotherham, one of Thomas’ wards. Thomas gives his consent, which delights her. Thomas reads through a book of Lizzie’s. He thinks about remarrying, and he wonders if he has gotten over his wife’s death.
Elizabeth Barton “confesses that her visions are inventions” and that her other miracles were fraudulent (464). Cranmer tells her she must make a public confession. Her confession may bring down many, including Bishop Fisher, Margaret Pole, and Princess Mary.
The misfortunes of the Seymour household have begun to mend. Jane tells Thomas that Edward is happy because he learned his former wife is dying. Their father is barred from seeing her.
Jane Rochford, George Boleyn’s wife, seeks out Thomas’ friendship. Mary Carey has been sent to the countryside because the king has no more use for her body. Thomas and Jane Rochford discuss infertility; she has no children and believes her husband wishes her dead. She believes Thomas has his heart set on Jane Seymour, which he denies. She claims that Henry and Anne’s marriage is already getting stale. They discuss the rampant infidelity among the courtiers. She claims that Mark, Cardinal Wolsey’s lute player, “is the go-between for them all” (469).
Thomas Wyatt visits; he has been in the countryside. He is drawn back by the allure of Anne. He wishes to be sent to Italy.
Through early Autumn, Thomas has been “rounding up the priests and monks who have been close to the Maid” (473). Elizabeth Barton’s former supporters and enablers quickly turn on her. Thomas negotiates the need to punish the noblemen associated with her, considering the king and his court’s inherent respect for nobility. King Francis negotiates with the pope to suspend the excommunication of England. Anne may be pregnant again.
At the end of November, Elizabeth Barton and her supporters “do penance at Paul’s Cross” (476). Thomas More attends. He asks Thomas what he intends to do with the prisoners: the main offenders will be tried for treason, while the lesser offenders will receive life sentences. Thomas advises More to try to get in the king’s good graces by publicly recognizing Princess Elizabeth and her titles.
Tyndale’s translations of the bible continue to spread, and with them, a better understanding of Christianity among the people of England. Public sentiment begins to turn Protestant; the people want authority to come from the English throne, not Rome.
Henry Fitzroy marries Lady Mary Shelton. Anne arranged this to prevent the king’s bastard from having a more advantageous marriage. Henry Fitzroy demands his new wife be sent to his household, which his father has forbidden. Anne is pregnant; this destroys any hopes of inheritance that Henry Fitzroy holds.
Cranmer begins clearing Elizabeth Barton’s supporters from the priory of Christ Church. Thomas advises him to be merciful where possible.
Thomas summons Margaret Pole to discuss the matter of Princess Mary. Margaret still does not accept Anne as queen and continues to support Mary and Katherine. The Pole household is suspected of being disloyal; Thomas’ spies observed them talking of a Roman invasion in England, a real danger because Mary is the emperor’s cousin.
Norfolk goes to tell Mary that she will be removed to Hatfield, where she will be attended to by the queen’s aunt. A beggar girl roams the countryside, pretending to be Mary. Thomas sends people to catch her.
Hans Holbein finishes Thomas’ portrait. The depiction is uncanny, and Thomas is almost shy to look at it. Thomas and his household, including Chapuys, who has come for a visit, examine the portrait.
Thomas takes Gregory to see it alone. As he examines his son, he feels a great tenderness for him in that moment and “thinks, Gregory is all he should be” (489). Thanks to the portrait, Thomas now believes what musician Mark Smeaton once said: he looks like a murderer.
For a shrewd man, Thomas is somewhat lacking in self-awareness. He is conscious that he is a solidly built, somewhat violent-looking man; but the thought is not often on his mind. He does not often think or speak of his past, save for when it is expedient to do so or else triggered by an event or action outside of his control. The fact that overhearing Mark Smeaton say he looks like a murderer sticks with him for so long shows that his identity is antecedent to others’ perception of it.
Stylistically, this is reflected in Mantel’s writing by the frequent use of the pronoun “he” or “his” with no antecedent. Without a referent, and with a cast containing a plethora of male characters, this sometimes makes it difficult to ascertain who “he” refers to. Mantel does this on purpose. First, it forces the reader to pay close attention to the details and subtle shifts in dialogue. Second, it emphasizes the way that Thomas slides in and out of the consciousness of his fellow courtiers. Observing Hans Holbein’s painting of Thomas, Chapuys notes that it does not look like him; he says “‘one never thinks of you alone, Cremuel, but in company, studying the faces of other people as if you mean to paint them. You make other men think, not ‘what does he look like?’ but ‘what do I look like?’” (488). Thomas is a mirror held up to others, forcing them to reflect upon themselves, rather than him. He continues to follow the advice that Cardinal Wolsey gave him long ago: hold the noblemen up to the standards that they set themselves.
As Thomas’ power grows, so does the responsibility of his offices. This increasingly means taking on the position of religious inquisitor. Thomas takes on this office through his investigation of Elizabeth Barton, the prophetess who has predicted Henry’s doom if he marries Anne Boleyn. These are superstitious times, and even false prophesy can be damaging. Though Henry is king, much of his power still rests on public opinion. In reality, Elizabeth Barton’s prophecies and “miracles” are mere acts of theater to swindle people out of money. What’s more, with the expansion of the king’s power, they flirt with treason. Though she has not expressed intent to harm the king, Cromwell notes “‘Words have been construed as treasons, there are precedents’” (457). One way to shore up the king’s power over his realm is violence. To expand the notion of treason is to expand the punitive scope of inquisition. Elizabeth Barton’s trial and punishment lays the groundwork for this policy.
By Hilary Mantel